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B10 Milk production, milking and udder hygiene ​ Fat + protein yield: 600kg/lactation 10,000 kg/lifetime Milking systems: During milking the milk is collected & the amount is registered For hygiene- teats are cleaned and disinfected. Milking systems can be: tied system, un-tied system, robot, carousel, or standing in a line to enter one at a time to the milking facility Milk Meter: Measure the a..

B8 Dairy cattle breeds (classification, characteristics, types), breeds for production of consumption milk UK single purpose dairy breeds (Channel Island breeds): Produce protein & fat rich milk: Jersey cattle Small breed Cows 360-540kg Bulls 540-820kg High butterfat content (6%) High protein content (4%) Annual yield = 5400kg/ year ​Guernsey cattle Buff coat color with distinct white spots (yel..

B7 Estimation of breeding value in dairy cattle ​ Estimated breeding value: The estimation is done during the animal’s production cycle It is defined as the difference of the individual genetic merit (value) from the mean genetic merit of a reference population The individual breeding value changes according to the value (- the genetic merit) of the reference population or mating partners. BVi –..

B11. Breeding goal and characteristics (valuable traits) of beef and dual purpose cattle, Breeding goal of beef and dual purpose cattle ​Most common breeding goals: Single purpose: Belgian blue, Herford, Angus Dual purpose: milk pointed (milk & meat) such as Simmental, meat pointed (meat & milk) multipurpose: milk, meat and draught ​ valuable traits of beef cattle: primary traits: meat producing..

B12 Estimation of breeding value in beef cattle Places of investigation: In field- farm, race, place, open range, exhibition. The breeding value estimation done at the farm evaluates the performances at the real place of production. In station- centralized test station, individual feeding, control of live weight, evaluation of meatiness through ultrasound (rib eye area, live weight, cannon girth..

A17 Comparison of milk composition in dairy animals ​ Sheep has less water than goat, cattle and horse (lowest  highest) Sheep has more fat than goat, cattle and horse ( highest  lowest) Sheep has more protein than goat, cattle, horse (-.-) Sheep has more lactose than cattle & goat, but less than horse Cow milk: Rich in protein and source of calcium. sheep goat cattle Water 79.9 86.0 87.7 Fat ..

B2 Main reproduction features of cattle, and most important bovine genetic diseases ​ Puberty: ~8 (12-16) months , Full maturity: First breeding usually occurs >15 (13-14 months) or when animal has reached ¾ adult body mass. First calving: around 2-3 years. (Great breed variance) ​ Main Reproduction features Uniparous: single birth, rarely twins Low reproduction potential: long generation interv..

B1. Domestication of cattle, micro-evolutionary consequences, related species, inter-species hybrids Taxonomy of cattle & its relatives: Kingdom: animals (Animalia) Phylum: vertebrates (chordata) Class: mammals (mammalia) sub class: placentalia Order: hoofed animals (ungulates) Sub-order: even toed (Artiodactyla) Section: ruminants Family: cattle like (bovidae) Number of chromosomes vary btw 50-..