1. Domestication of cattle(소의 가축화)

B1. Domestication of cattle, micro-evolutionary consequences, related species, inter-species hybrids

Taxonomy of cattle & its relatives:

• Kingdom: animals (Animalia)
• Phylum: vertebrates (chordata)
• Class: mammals (mammalia)
• sub class: placentalia
• Order: hoofed animals (ungulates)
• Sub-order: even toed (Artiodactyla)
• Section: ruminants
• Family: cattle like (bovidae)
• Number of chromosomes vary btw 50-60 (2n)

Domestication:

• First domesticated breed: Bos primigenius – Aurochs (extinct), began in southern Caucasus/northern Mesopotamia from 8th millennium BC.
• Domesticated species originate from Aurochs
• Bos primigenius taurus – Taurine (European) cattle
• Bos primigineius indicus – Zebu, related to aurochs (indian)
• Hump formed by hypertrophy of muscles
• Bali cattle : Draught animal of Indonesia
• Gayal: Sacrificial animals in Burma, East India, Bangladesh etc.
• Bos poephagus – Yak : Native to Tibet & Mongolia, Pack animals used for milk, meat, wool & skin
• Bos gaurus – Bos/bibos/gaur
• Bos javanicus – Banteng
• Bos sauvelia – Kouprey. Khainag Wild species
• Domestication caused such drastic physiological changes that modern domestic cattle are now considered to be a separate species.

​Feral cattle: breeds evolved from domestic cattle that took the wild again like Aleutian wild cattle, Chillingham cattle, Enderby Island cattle, Ushuaia wild cattle

Heck cattle: reconstructed aurochs , hardy breed of cattle (bos tarsus) . in germany they crossed many primitive and ancient cattle breeds and produce this wild cattle for zoo

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Terminology​

• Bull: intact, adult male (proven fertile  AI, breeding, listed bull)
• Sire: Father of an animal (used in dairy breeding)
• Cow: Adult female who has had at least one calf.
• In-calf/ pregnant cow
• Nurse cow
• Lactating cow
• Dairy cows
• Dry cows
• Dam: Mother of an animal (used in dairy breeding)
• Calf: Young cattle
• Bull calf
• Heifer calf
• Weaners (up to 1 yr)
• Yearlings
• Veal calves
• Heifer: Young female before her 1st calf
• In-calf heifer – Young female pregnant with her 1st calf
• Steer: Castrated male
• Draft steer <4yrs = working steer
• Stag: Castrated adult bull (occurs rarely)
• Ox: Castrated male (or occasionally a cow) used for draft work
• Freemartin: Female animal who is the twin of a bull (infertile partial intersex)
• Beef: Cattle raised for human consumption

Wild species:

• Bison : Only two existing species: B. bison (American bison) & B. bonasus (European bison)
• Buffalo (Genus Bubalus) : Variable chromosome number (Asian water bufallo =48; river buffalo = 50)

Interspecies hybrids

• Bison (buffalo) x Yak = Yakalo

​Uses of cattle

• Beef & Dairy
• Milk, butter, cheese production
• Draught
• Leather production (cattle hides)
• Sports – Rodeo, bullfighting
• Religion – Sacrificial cows (Hindu)