Elements of beef cattle breeding tech 소 육종학 기술

B13 Elements of beef cattle breeding technologies

​Pregnancy length of beef cattle: 282 days

Birth:

• Mostly occurs during spring, but there can be an additional calving period 6 months later
• Suckling for 6-8 months
• Cow-calf system. Should be as cheap as possible and as extensive as possible
• Can be on the pasture
• Extra feed for the calves and not for the cows

Weaning:

• 200 days old, around 200 kg.
• weaning weight= the actual weight= (birth weight X 205 + birth weight) / age in days

artificial insemination: around 1 year of age, very common in cattle bredding!

AI happens prior to/ around ovulation, shortly after detected heat signs. Intracervical/ intrauterine AI.

sexual maturity: 12-13 months

test fattening period: ends at 1.5 year of age

first insemination: natural

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summer technologies & facilities:

grazing:

1. continuous grazing: livestock have unrestricted access to the pasture area throughout the grazing season

• advantages: effortlessness, highest feed intake
• disadvantages: more motion, animals pick the best plants, uneven distribution of manure

2. rotational grazing: available pasture is divided into 6-8 areas, animals are moved from one area to another every few days ​

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winter technologies:

• healthy cattle can be kept without any building, animals eat more during cold weather
• protection against wind and dry resting place is necessary

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Terminology

• Veal: Meat of young calves
• Bob veal – Calves culled a few days after birth
• Formula/milk fed veal – White veal production. Animals marketed ~18-20weeks
• Red/grain fed veal – Animals marketed around 22-26 weeks @ ~300kg
• Beef: Meat of bovines
• Organic beef: Produced without hormones, pesticides & other chemicals​

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Facilities for beef operations:

• Fencing, barns, sheds or shelters. Any operation should have some type of handling system that allows a producer to easily catch and restrain an animal for routine health care procedures.
• ​Vaccines: against bacterial and viral diseases is prophylactic and must be administered before the animal is exposed to the pathogen
• To prevent Bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) , where modified-live virus or killed/inactivated virus vaccine can be given for the IBR.
• ​Antibiotics: Sub-therapeutic use involves low-dose levels generally included in the feed or water. In this application, antibiotics are utilized to increase growth rate and improve feed efficiency (Elam and Preston 2004). The growth-promoting mechanism of sub-therapeutic antibiotics occurs through manipulation of the microorganism in the rumen.​

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Other elements for breeding technologies:

• Marker-assisted selection (MAS): indirect selection process, for inherited and polygenic traits of interest
• Genetic prediction
• multiple ovulation embryo transfer
• Gene transfer
• Sex control - male beneficial
• Systematic crossbreeding and composites
• Animal identification (DNA and biometric methods)
• In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer
• Marker-assisted mating
• Ultrasound
• Multibreed evaluation
• Selection indexes
• AI - is effective, and decrease the generation interval. Increase the fertilisation rate. ​

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