9. Sheep and goat breeding tech 염소, 양의 육종 기술

B19 Sheep and goat breeding technologies, production and management systems (extensive, intensive)

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Reproductive management systems

Lambing: the time in the spring when female sheep give birth to lambs.

​Extensive: Lambing once per year in spring, mating in Autumn, large non-productive interval

Norway has only extensive management.

​Semi-intensive: Lambing 3x in 2yrs. Shortening inactive & transitional period.

Flushing (increase nutrition 2 weeks prior to breeding and after breeding, to increase the number of ovulations, and probability of twinning and triplets) .

Oestrous induction & sycnhronisation. Biostimulation. Heat & PD detection etc.

​Intensive: Continuous oestrous activity & lambing.

Breeding out of season.

Regulated reproduction, intensive care, oestrous & pd detection, intensive feeding, high

quality management.

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Sheep and goat keeping (structures & equipment): Types of keeping technologies

● Commercial sheep operations (range band flocks)

- 1000-1500 ewes, shepherds

- All year free, lambing might be under roof or stall

- Rare in Hungary, since the winter pasture is not enough + climate is too cold.

- U.S., South America, Australia

- Fences are needed.

● Farm flocks (flock  group of animals that gathered together)

- Slightly smaller

- Fenced pasture lands; fending (stone walls, live hedges, timber, wire). - Materials (timber, metal, ston, brick, concrete).

- Meat production systems

● Specialized flocks

- Purebred sheep, provide stud stocks

- Fences, yards, shelters

- Manure- by-product, where sheep are housed, emptied 1-2X/year, often managed with anti-parasite control + hoof care. - More difficult fences and yards (for separation, quarantine).

● Hobby flocks

- Small flock, often as pets

- Cheese, wool

Healthy living sheep and goats require a number of different chemical substances to maintain life, growth and reproduction:

​Pasture utilization (land covered with grass and other low plants suitable for grazing animals, especially cattle or sheep). Free range keeping + supplementary feeding is required. - England, Australia, Africa, South America, France, Ireland…

2- phase keeping:  summer: grazing + supplementary feeding, winter  conserved forage

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The Types of Nutrients

● Water - Insufficient water suppresses appetite (growth and wool production). - Affects the adaptation to heat stress.

● Carbohydrates - They differ in the ease of digestion - availability of energy. - Easily digested: mono- and disaccharides, starch - Slower: pure cellulose, lignin is not

● Fats and oils - Main source is milk, plants contain little amounts.

● Nitrogenous compounds - Proteins, amino acids, amids (urea), nitrates… - Some of them are toxic and some of them can be used by the rumen microflora for making proteins.

● Minerals - Macro- and micro- elements.

● Vitamins - Fat-soluble and water soluble